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SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE MERCENARY WARS

Congo 1960/68

Shortly after the chaotic dissolution of the Belgian Congo, President Moise Tshombe proclaimed Katanga, one of the territory's wealthiest provinces which had accounted for nearly fifty per cent of Congolese revenues, an independent and autonomous nation. According to Tshombe and his officials at the time, this action was taken to secede from chaos and because the current regime under Prime Minister Lumumba was following a Communist line. The Katangan government went on to appeal for Belgian military aid to support their unilateral declaration of independence. Tshome was also seeking support and recognition from the United S Shortly after the chaotic dissolution of the Belgian Congo, President Moise Tshombe proclaimed Katanga, one of the territory's wealthiest provinces which had accounted for nearly fifty per cent of Congolese revenues, an independent and autonomous nation. According to Tshombe and his officials at the time, this action was taken to secede from chaos and because the current regime under Prime Minister Lumumba was following a Communist line. The Katangan government went on to appeal for Belgian military aid to support their unilateral declaration of independence. Tshome was also seeking support and recognition from the United States for his cause, as he felt that they shared a common concern for possible exploitation of the Congo Crisis by the Soviet Union.

A common myth in 1961 among the United Nations in general was that Katanga was an expression of indigenous nationalist sentiment. However, this was true only in part. The political leaders of the northern districts in the province were actively opposed to independence, and the Katangan population never directly consulted on the matter. In reality, secession proved to be a strategy designed to preserve the comparative wealth of Katanga and stability of the region in general. Maintaining support of the European-descended white settler elite was also a priority of President Tshombe, as they possessed much-needed professional skills and an exodus of such people in the face of anarchy or Communist rule would likely prove fatal to their homeland's industry.

Within a week of Katanga's UDI, Prime Minister Lumumba sent a telegram to the Secretary-General of the UN, insisting that something be done about "Belgium's military aggression" in his country and their overt backing of Katangan secession. Lumumba solicited "urgent military assistance" due to the central government in Leopoldville's inability to maintain order in the massive country. He went on to blame post-independence Belgian intrigues for the present crisis. Inside the United Nations itself, feelings towards Katanga was generally mixed. Britain and France remained neutral, the latter quietly hostile towards the very idea of peacekeeping in Congo. The British initially provided general assistance to the UN troops who were eventually dispatched, but refused to cooperate with subsequent efforts to deal with Tshombe's rebellious regime. Portugal and the Union of South Africa were openly hostile towards the operation from its very conception, and maintained consistent opposition against any interference with the Katanga state.

A common myth in 1961 among the United Nations in general was that Katanga was an expression of indigenous nationalist sentiment. However, this was true only in part. The political leaders of the northern districts in the province were actively opposed to independence, and the Katangan population never directly consulted on the matter. In reality, secession proved to be a strategy designed to preserve the comparative wealth of Katanga and stability of the region in general. Maintaining support of the European-descended white settler elite was also a priority of President Tshombe, as they possessed much-needed professional skills and an exodus of such people in the face of anarchy or Communist rule would likely prove fatal to their homeland's industry.

Within a week of Katanga's UDI, Prime Minister Lumumba sent a telegram to the Secretary-General of the UN, insisting that something be done about "Belgium's military aggression" in his country and their overt backing of Katangan secession. Lumumba solicited "urgent military assistance" due to the central government in Leopoldville's inability to maintain order in the massive country. He went on to blame post-independence Belgian intrigues for the present crisis. Inside the United Nations itself, feelings towards Katanga was generally mixed. Britain and France remained neutral, the latter quietly hostile towards the very idea of peacekeeping in Congo. The British initially provided general assistance to the UN troops who were eventually dispatched, but refused to cooperate with subsequent efforts to deal with Tshombe's rebellious regime. Portugal and the Union of South Africa were openly hostile towards the operation from its very conception, and maintained consistent opposition against any interference with the Katanga state.

.........................................................

On 14 July 1960, in response to requests by Prime Minister Lumumba, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 143. This called upon Belgium to remove its military personnel from the Congo, especially in the case of Katanga, and for the UN to provide 'military assistance' to the Congolese forces to allow them 'to meet fully their tasks'. Lumumba demanded that Belgium remove its troops immediately, threatening to seek help from the Soviet Union if they did not leave within two days. The UN reacted quickly and established United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC). The first UN troops arrived the next day but there was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's mandate. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray, Lumumba wanted to use the UN peacekeepers to subdue Katanga by force.  Referring to the resolution, Lumumba wrote to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld, ‘From these texts it is clear that, contrary to your personal interpretation, the UN force may be used to subdue the rebel government of Katanga.’ ONUC refused. To Hammarskjöld, the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese matter and the UN was forbidden to intervene by Article 2 of the United Nations Charter.

Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment, despite the passage of two further Security Council resolutions. Passed on 22 July, Security Council Resolution 145 affirmed that Congo should be a unitary state and strengthened the call for Belgium to withdraw its forces. On 9 August, Security Council Resolution 146 mentioned Katanga for the first time, and explicitly allowed UN forces to enter Katanga whilst forbidding their use to 'intervene in or influence the outcome of any internal conflict.'

A subject of much controversy was Belgium's involvement with Katanga. Brussels had neither inspired or engineered Moise Tshombe's scheme of Katangan secession, but provided technical, financial, and military aid in order to keep Katanga stable in terms of public order and domestic security. The Belgians went on to advise the ONUC force against unnecessary interventions against the state, as it would only "risk increasing the confusion." At the same time, Pierre Wigny, the Foreign Minister, informed the United States, France, and Britain that his government was opposed to Tshombe's intrigues and was concerned that long-term separation would compromise Congo's economic vitality. Despite the fact that most of Belgium's military personnel were withdrawn from Katanga in September 1960, over two hundred stayed on, making horizontal career shifts into roles as paid mercenaries serving with the nation's Gendarmes. As late as 1963, several of these soldiers of fortune were still at large, having shed their military uniforms for civilian dress. Other notable Belgian nationals who stayed on included political advisers and some diplomatic ministers. Upon the arrival of United Nations forces in the Congo, they were opposed to allowing ONUC freedom of movement in Katanga and insisted upon obstructing the peacekeeping effort. This view was generally strengthened with President Tshombe himself as time advanced, especially with increasingly vocal demands from Leopoldville that the UN use their military advantage to forcibly remove his regime from power. The Security Council, however, only reaffirmed that the ONUC would not be party to any internal disputes but would enter Katanga to assist with keeping the peace. The first such personnel, largely Swedish forces, entered Élisabethville, the Katangan capital city, on August 12, 1960.

All of this only frustrated the Congolese government, which, on August 27, launched a poorly-organized, ill-fated, incursion into Katanga with ANC soldiers trucked into the province on a motley assortment of Soviet military vehicles. It was unclear what the subsequent rampage attempted to accomplish, but the attackers, who were busily raping and murdering their way through the countryside, were quickly driven off by the European-officered Katangan Army. This incident would only lead to the further deterioration of relations between the two governments; sporadic clashes would continue for the next two years.

Only shortly afterwards, Patrice Lumumba was replaced in a coup d'état by Joseph Mobutu. On 17 January 1961 Mobutu sent Lumumba to Élisabethville where he was tortured and executed shortly after arrival.

The United Nations Security Council met in the wake of Lumumba's death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. On 21 February 1961 the Council adopted resolution 161, which authorised 'all appropriate measures' to 'prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including '... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort'. This resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign mercenaries, but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. However, it was ultimately interpreted by the local UN forces to justify military operations in ending the secession of Katanga. Despite the resolution, during the next six months the UN undertook no major military operations, concentrating instead on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations. However, many sources on location claimed that UN personnel initiated and maintained a high degree of violence and were both overtly and indirectly responsible for hundreds if not even thousands of civilian deaths.

From late 1960 onwards, Katanga was characterised by a series of clashes between pro-Tshombe loyalists and their fellow countrymen, Baluba tribesmen, whose political leaders were nominally allied to Leopoldville and opposed Katangan secession. Smaller battles were fought against ANC units attacking from other provinces, as well. Sparsely deployed and on many occasions even outgunned by both sides, UN forces had an almost hopeless task of attempting to prevent outright civil war. Anticipating the need for continued ONUC presence in the state, the Security Council authorized an increased presence in Élisabethville. By mid 1961, however, presidential security forces had killed almost 7,000 Balubas. Factional strife also began to engulf the struggling regime. Increased numbers of peacekeepers only enraged the Baluba people, who viewed the United Nations as an unwanted intruder and began attacking both Katangan and UN soldiers with little discrimination.

In February 1961, attempting to bolster his position in Katanga, Moise Tshombe began importing more and more foreign mercenaries from neighboring states to assist his Gendarmes. The "Mercenary Problem", as the international community termed it, was a major concern of the ONUC. The Katangan Army was already staffed by Belgian officers, and white volunteers of Belgian extract constituted about one hundred and seventeen men under Tshombe's direction. Although from January to February 1961, gestures were made to remove these 'illegal combatants' from the Congo, their places were quickly taken by a sizable force of close to five hundred British, Rhodesian, French, and South African irregulars. Many of them were given command assignments in the Gendarmes, while others formed a pro-Tshombe unit known as the "International Company", composed chiefly of white South African fighters.

Especially notable among the French mercenaries were professional career soldiers who had fought in the Algerian War. Several in particular were the heads of a paracommando training program in Katanga. On March 30, one of the first public reports mentioning large contingents of foreign soldiers claimed that the mercenaries in Katanga included "Belgians, Italians, and 100 South Africans". Serious fighting soon broke out as President Tshombe began to incite both Katangan civilians and white mercenaries to attack UN forces after the ONUC dispatched elements of a nearly 5,000 man-strong Indian brigade into the capital. On April 5, 1961, the Secretary-General criticised Belgian mercenaries for their service in Katanga and condemned Tshombe for turning the Katangan public against the United Nations Force. Hostilities broke out again just three days later, when Belgian and South African Gendarmes assaulted Kabalo, a Baluba town in northern Katanga, and engaged the Ethiopian peacekeepers stationed there. In the battle that followed, at least thirty mercenaries were disarmed and captured. It was not until April 30 that the State of Katanga agreed to cease hostilities against the ONUC.

In June, President Tshombe was arrested after attending the Coquilhatville Conference of Congo Leaders by Joseph Mobutu's police, the day he was about to board a plane back to his country. He was held under house arrest and charged with inciting revolt against the Congolese government, the illegal seizure of arms and aircraft, and printing counterfeit money by issuing a Katangan currency. Tshombe subsequently signed a pledge to reunite Katanga with rest of the nation, and was released accordingly. However, by August it was clear he had no intention of implementing this agreement. Tshombe openly declared in a speech that month that he would defend Katanga's rights as a sovereign state and would do everything to maintain this status quo even in the face of all opposition.

In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate mercenary soldiers and the Belgian political advisers from Katanga by military force, deeming that such foreigners were the backbone behind the regime. The first operation was carried out by Indian UNF troops, who began rounding up mercenaries at five in the morning, culminating in the bloodless capture of nearly four hundred men. Not a single shot had been fired. Although Belgium's consul in Katanga was ordered to deport the remaining Belgian nationals, including political advisers, he countered that he could only exercise legal authority over those who were official staff affiliated with his nation's government or military.

Altogether, about three hundred of those captured were expelled from Congo, although several of the mercenaries later returned. White Katangans especially resented this action by the UN. Tshombe was taken by surprise, and tensions escalated rapidly. On September 11, the UNF further demanded that all foreigners serving as police officers in Katanga be expelled, but the president did not comply. Any chances of negotiation for the peaceful removal of remaining foreign players was quickly crushed by the revelation that some UN personnel had been planning to aid in a conspiracy to remove Tshombe from power, seize the radio station in Élisabethville, and apprehend his Gendarmes. The Katangans quickly unearthed the plot, and when Tshome confronted the UN with his charges it was revealed, much to the latter's embarrassment, that these allegations were based on fairly solid evidence. If such an incident had been allowed to take place, it would clearly have been considered a violation of the ONUC's vows to remain neutral in internal issues besides taking proper action to prevent a major conflict. The following day, hostilities reopened after some Irish soldiers protecting civilians in Jadotville were surrounded by a superior force of Gendarmes, including many Europeans. Despite suffering several attacks launched by Katanga's mercenary-piloted Air Force in support of the Gendarme unit, the troopers refused to surrender and were resupplied with fresh ammunition by UN helicopters.

No longer able to take the increasing violence in Katanga, the ONUC commanders finally agreed to a new plan which would remove the Katangan government from power. It called for UNF troops to apprehend mercenaries, seize post offices and radio stations in Élisabethville, and send a representative from the central Congolese government to take command. This attempt was not at all bloodless. It was in fact resisted by the Gendarmes and their mercenary allies. The initial UN initiative to take over the post offices was efficiently repulsed. Later that day, Katangan soldiers launched a coordinated attack on ONUC forces. An eight-day battle was waged in the city for over a week, resulting in the deaths of eleven UN personnel. One company of Irish staff, the same which had previously fought at Jadotville, were captured. Tshombe's army enjoyed unchallenged air power, and the tiny Katangan Air Force carried out successful strafing and bombing runs on UN positions entrenched in Jadotville, Élisabethville, and Kamina.

The dismal failure of the UNF could also be attributed to inferior equipment. While the Gendarmes were armed with modern Belgian rifles, heavy machine guns, mortars, and armored cars, the vast majority of UN troopers used antiquated rifles and World War II-era vehicles plated with only makeshift protection. During the fighting, the Katangan authorities offered a conditional ceasefire, which was immediately rejected by the ONUC. Eventually, it soon became clear that any objective to depose Moise Tshombe had failed. The British, Belgian, and French governments became especially critical of 'peacekeeping operations' in Congo which would involve such interference in domestic affairs. They called for an immediate ceasefire. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, protested that more force should have been used to subdue Katanga and initiate an immediate reunification with the Mobutu government.

Limited peace negotiations ensued, in the course of which, UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).

Under UN pressure (military attacks), Tshombe later agreed to a three-stage plan from the acting Secretary General, U Thant, that would have reunited Katanga with Congo. However, this remained an agreement on paper only. The Katangan government insisted that, should the plan in full be honored by Leopoldville, Tshombe be entitled to aid in drafting a new Congolese constitution and elect his own representatives to Parliament. However, both sides began to express reservations about the terms less than a week later. The president wished that his agreement should be ratified by his national assembly before it could be considered binding; this misunderstanding quickly led to a collapse in relations with Congolese leader Cyrille Adola's regime. The frustrated United Nations went on to adopt a new plan, one that called for the adoption of a federal constitution in Congo within thirty days, an end to the illegal Katangan rebellion, the unification of currency, and the sharing of mining revenues on a fifty-fifty split between Katanga and the central government. U Thant, who was the chief architect of this proposal, also demanded that Tshombe unconditionally release all of his political prisoners. Belgium and the United States, hoping that the latter would have a positive role in reforming a unified Congo, endorsed the plan. While Cyrille Adola immediately accepted this compromise, Moise Tshombe stipulated conditions. A series of discussions hosted by the UN followed, although it failed to yield tangible results. Thant, who had become increasingly incensed by what he regarded as the Katangan state stalling for time, imposed economic sanctions. This, however, only succeeded in destroying the last hopes the Secretary-General had for a peaceful integration. On December 19, an exasperated Tshombe withdrew from ongoing negotiations in protest.

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South Kasai a province in the Congo

On 8th August 1960 the autonomous Mining State of South Kasai was proclaimed with its capital at Mbuji-Mayi (Bakwanga to day), and Albert Kalonji was named president of South Kasai. On 16th July 1960 Kalonji rejected royalty status and became Emperor Albert I.

After a bloody four month military campaign during which thousands of civilians were massacred, ANC central government troops re-conquered the region and arrested Kalonji on 30th December 1961, thus ending the South Kasai secession.

South Kasai had very few mercenaries, among them were:

GILLET. France 1960 Colonel.

JEAN. Belgium.

KIMM  Jules. Belgium 1960 Lieutenant. 14th September.1960 killed in action near Luputa.
LASIMONE. France.1961 Captain.

ROBERTS. John Meredith Smith/. Born 28th September 1937 in England. 24th August 1960 Captain (pay: £172 pr. month + £3 pr. day in action). 30th October 1960 arrested by UN and expelled.

VLEIGH George. Belgium. 1960 Commandant. 14th September 1960  killed in ambush near Luputa.

Copyright  Frode Hansen 13th September 2012

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During 1961 Moise Tshombe employed Russell Cargil to recruit volunteers from outside of Katanga to serve as a Police Force within Katanga.

The first Volunteers became known as

'Compagnie Internationale'

At one time there were 44 volunteers in this group

Photo of Russell Cargil's first group of volunteers

To enlarge click on photo repeat to shrink

 

Photo from Nigel Osborn and taken at Mitwaba April 1961, first batch of mercs from South Africa head to Manono.

The following is a list of these first volunteers recruited by Russell Cargil

Photos	Name	Date of Birth	Place	Country	When	Extra Details
	Athanasiou John	15.04.38	Istiaia	Greece	1961	.
	Bellotto Primo	01.01.35	Gorisia	Italy	1961	.
	Botes Viotz Lourons	20.02.24	Vlakspruit	S. Africa	1961	.
	Browne Richard William	21.02.26	Blandford	UK	1961	Commander. Captured by UN and Expelled
	Cargil Russell	.	.	.	1961	Ist Recruiter for Tshombe, and later for Mike Hoare.
	Carton-Barber Arthur Lindsay	28.03.28.	Joburg	S. Africa	1961	.
	Clark John Walter	17.09.17	Durban	S. Africa	1961	.
	D'Annunzie Luigi	31.10.35	Casalanguida	Italy	1961	.
	D'Oliverira	31.12.33	Durban	S.Africa	1961	Known as the 'Lemon Drop Kid'. Ex Motorcycle Police Officer
	Dupreez Thomas Hofmeyr	14.02.34	Krugoradorf	S.Africa	1961	.
	Fourie J.				1965
	Gordon Ian Graham	10.05.33	Woking	UK	1961	.
	Grant Donald Norman	22.04.24			1961	Brother of John
	Grant John Mawer	19.07.25	Detroit USA		1961	Brother of Donald.
	Hopkins Thomas Harry	17.09.19	London	UK	1961	.
	Legg Donald Robert	04.10.34	Blundol Sand	UK	1961	.
	MacArthur William B	20.02.26	Scotland	UK	1961	.
	Mackintosh Derek Donald	.19.08.32	Durban	S. Africa	1961	.
	Osborn Nigel	19.10.37	London	UK	1961	Captured by UN and Expelled. But returned later.
	Orsmund Gilbert John	03.10.16	Krugersdorf	S. Africa	1961	.
	Quinn Nicholas Johannes	10.10.14	.	S. Africa	1961	.
	Whitehorn Leslie Harold	14.01.38	Johannesburg	S.Africa	1961	.
	Wood Gerald Edward	03.07.41	Stockton	UK	1961	.
	.

It must be realised that this web site is dedicated to Mercenaries. However, in the Congo many fought along side Katangan citizens which is why the following list is being included.

During 1961 The Katangan Government already had a fighting unit in place known as 'Force Katangaise' 4th Commando

This unit was made up of locally recruited Citizens, Belgiums, Doctors, Pilots and other volunteers with military backgrounds from around the world.

At one time even Mike Hoare was a member.

After December 1961 4 Commando name was never used again.

Photo Gallery

Photos	Name	Date of Birth	Place	Country	Served	Extra Details
	Ashton Tom				1961	.
	Barvaux				1961	Killed in 2nd Battle of Katanga
	Bernstein				1961
	Bosquet				1961	In charge of Kongola
	Bond Peter				1961	Wounded by the UN Ethiopians.
	Butler Michael Thomas	26.10.37				.
	Cremer Andre				1961	Hired to Assassinate UN staff
	Cruz C.A. de Oliver			Portugal	1961	2nd Infantry Battalion 1961
	De-Clary  Michel			France	1961	First significant battle.Captured Jadotville
	Delin Joseph			S. Africa	1960	Pilot Katanga Air force
	Donaldson Simon				1961	Ex Guardsman, eaten by the Balubas.
	Faulques Robert (Rene)			France	1961	Command volunteers in Katanga late 1961
	Fereira It			Portugal	1961	2nd Infantry Battalion 1961
	Gyurkits Sandor			Hungary	1961	Katanga Pilot
	Hedges Jimmy				1961	Ex WW2 very good Pilot. A newspaper article about Jimmy
	Hoare Mike
	Huyghe Carlos			Belgium	1960	Recruiting pilots for Tshombe
	Keene Alexander James	07.08.14	Boksburg	S. Africa	1961
	Kemp Johan Christo	28.01.20			1961
	Koekemoer Alexander 'Cooky'				1961
	Koekemoer Johannes Andries	16.09.19			1961
	McKay Ted		Yorkshire	UK	1961	From Yorshire, eaten by Balubas tribes men.
	Mason Unwin Collyer	22.07.35			1961
	Mckechnie Ewen				1961
	Oglethorpe Vic				1960
	Naismith Jock				1961	Burnt his legs on a camp stove
	Nel Christian Phillipus	01.01.17	Zeacrust ?	S. Africa	1961
	Pretorius Connie				1961	Wounded by the UN Ethiopians.
	Prontin			Belgium	1961	Commandant Before Mike Hoare arrived
	Raggazzi Mario	23.10.35	Chicsa V. Malenco	Italy
	Rosez Victor E	24.09.45	Dendermonde	Belgium	1961	Under the direct orders of Gen. l Muke. In November 1964 went to Stanleyville as a member of the Belgian Military and Technical Assistance (ATMB)
	Schamme Jean				1961	Farmer in Katanga later lead volunteer group
	Sher Harry	22.03.31	Gwelo	Rhodesia	1961
	Stewart Jimmy				1961	Wounded by the Balubas.
	Trinquier Roger				1960	Returned to France after the fall of the Congo
	Van der Walt Phipip Stephanus	26.06.27	Durban	S. Africa	1961
	Vanewalle			Belgium	1961	Adviser to Belgian Consulate. 1964 overall Command
	Vermeutyn Geordie				1961

When asked to form a new Commando unit Mike Hoare choose to name it '5 Commando' to prevent confusion.

If you go to the book section of this site you will find all of Mike Hoare's books featured and at this moment in time you can get them personally signed.

The Road to Kalamata (A Mercenary's Personal Memoir). Is an account of Mike Hoare's time while with 4 Commando.

The following is a list of known volunteers who joined the 5 Commando

Later it is hoped the 5th Cdo. can be broken down into smaller units i.e. 6-9-14-51-52-53-55-57 ect. etc.

	Surnane	Date of Birth	Place	Country	Served	Extra Details
	Ackerman Jack		Durban	S.Africa		53 Cdo.
	Agget-Griffin Neville 'Lucky'					53 Cdo.
	Alexiou George			Greece		Wounded August 1964 in Albertville
	Allan J. R.
	Allison T. J.					Sgt in 'Force Oscar' during the third contract period.
	Amberleigh Frank	1932		Rhodesia	1965	Arrived in Albertville August 1965. Appointed Capt. 26th Sept 1965 submitted his resignation & Mike Hoare accepted
	Anderson B. N.
	Anderson D. A.
	Andreka Ron			Germany	1965	Sgt in 52 Cdo during 1965. 16th March 1965 killed near Noika
	Augustyn L.
	Bairstow R. W.
	Bartlet B.				1965	'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen in December 1965
	Basson Freddie	.	.	.	1964	Sgt. in 57 Cdo. Commanded by Capt. Ian Gordon. On the 24th Nov 1964 he was killed by Vanie Rukulu.
	Barker T. R.
	Bayoud				1965	'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen in December 1965
	Beal Ivan					53 Cdo.
	Beer Colin		London	UK		53 Cdo.
	Beer Vic de				1965	54 Cdo.
	Begeman				1965	'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen in December 1965
	Bekker	.	.	.	1965	Sept 1965 volunteered under Capt. Hugh van Oppen in 'Force Oscar'. Oct 1965 Lt. 1st Dec 1965 Lt. & Chief of the 'Force Oscar'.
	Bell-Seyer					53 Cdo.
	Belloto			Italy		Lt. 5 Cdo
	Belstead				1965	'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen in December 1965
	Beneke P. R.
	Bester C. C.
	Bezeuidenhout Ginger			S. Africa	1964	Sept 1964 served in 53 Cdo under Lt Jack Maiden
	Bima R. A.
	Bishop Jimmy				1965	5 Cdo.
	Blottnitz Gerd von	1937	Berlin	Germany	1964	Aug 1964 Adj. 9th Sep 1964 Adj. in 52 Cdo. Jany 1965 Adj. / Head of 5 Cdo Payments Office.
	Borman Reiner				1965	52 Cdo Mar / April killed near Niangara.
	Bornman S. T.
	Borradaile Basil			Rhodesia	1965	June 1965 Lt.
	Bothma F. H.
	Botuschofsky Peter	.1943	Juterborg	E.Germany	1964	Dec 1964
	Bouve Raymond	.	.	Belgium.	1964/65	5 Cdo Feb 1965. Adj. 6th May. 1965 Lt.
	Bouwer J. Chris				1965	27th Oct 1965 wounded in the arm near Fizi.
	Boycott Geoff				1964	5 Cdo.
	Bradbury Jonny				1964	5 Cdo.
	Bradshaw Harry					53 Cdo.
	Bradshaw Frank			Rhodesia
	Brady Jim				1965	Feb1965 Sgt Maj.
	Braghieri Angelo				1966	Sgt Maj. under Lt.-Col John Peters.
	Braham Dave	.	.	Kenya	1964	.
	Brandis von				1965	Feb 1965 Sgt. in 65 Cdo.
	Branter J.				1965	Sgt Maj. in 'Force Oscar"
	Brenhardt Joseph	1920		Germany	1965	Feb 1965 Capt. / Doctor.
	Bridge Eric	.	.	UK	1964	Lt. in 5 Cdo. 29th Aug 1965 wounded in the face / arm and evacuated.
	Britz Abie				1965
	Brock Cyril	.	.	.	1964	killed in action near the border with Sudan.
	Bromilow				1965	Driver in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Brown A. C.
	Brundyn				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Cap. Hugh van Oppen.
	Burger S. W. L.	.	.	.	1965/66	5 Cdo. Feb 1965 RSM. 1966 Capt.
	Calder Head J. P.
	Calistrat Ferdinand	.		Romania	1964	Romania-Stateless-then Spain. 14th Oct 1964 Capt. / Commander of 55 Cdo. 19th Nov 1964 Capt. / Intelligence. 21st Nov 1964 Capt. / Liasion sent to Leopoldville. Dec 1964 fired.
	Campbell-Smith F.
	Carta Antonio	1928		Italy	1964/65	5 Cdo
	Carter Alan			British	1964/65	57 Cdo.
	Carton Barber Arthur Lindsay (Jack)	28.03.28	P.Elizabeth	S. Africa	1964/65	Aug 1964 Sgt Maj. 20th Nov 1964 Lt. / Chief of 55 Cdo. Feb 1965 left the Congo. 28th May 1965 returned as a Lt.
	Carter Howard	.	Birmingham	UK	1964	22nd Aug 1964 Radio-operator. Feb 1965 Sgt / Signalman. Aug 1965 Lt. / Chief for signals in 5 Cdo.
	Cassidy Sam	.	Glasgow	Scotland	1964/66	22.12.64 Sgt. Feb 1965 Sgt Major. 1966 Major and Deputy Commander in 5 Commando. 1966 recieved the R.D.C. (Republique Democratique du Congo) Military Cross, 1st Class for Valour. 1967 was arrested for the murder of Wigmo-mechanic but the charge was later dropped.
	Cathcart A.				1965	Lt. in 'Oscar Force' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen. 27th Oct 1965 was killed near Fizi.
	Cayles C. A.				1965	Served in 'Force John'. 20th Nov 1965 right foot blown off just above the ankle and shrapnel in the left ankle and leg when a mine exploded.
	Challener Davy	.1945	London	UK	1965	Served in 53 Commando. Killed in action?
	Chaloner Davy	1941			1965	Feb 1965 Sgt. 21st Mar 1965 Sgt Maj. April 1965 killed near Niangara.
	Chanu Claude	.	.	France	1964	22nd Aug 1964 Sgt 5th Cdo.
	Christie George				1965	5 Cdo.
	Clark Nobby				1965	Feb 1965. was at Samarit.
	Coetzee F. G.	.	.	S. Africa	1964	Sept 1964 in 54 Cdo. Jan 1965 killed near Niangara.
	Coetzee	1945	Jo/Myburgh	S. Africa	1964/65	In either 55, 56 or 57 Cdo.
	Coleman 'Skinny'	.		Rhodesia	1964	Aug 1964 Severed in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Colmair				1965	Sgt. / Ordnance in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Columbic Ron	.	.	.	1965	Feb 1965 Sgt. July 1965 Lt. 28th Sept 1965 killed at Baraka.
	Cooper Gary	1914	London	UK	1964	Sept 1964. Dec 1964 Sgt. 14th Dec 1964 wounded.
	Corbett Jim			S. Africa	1964	Feb 1964. Dec 1964 Sgt. 14th Dec 1964 Wounded.
	Corderg J. F.				1964
	Courodie				1965	'Force Oscar'.
	Couvelis B.				1965	'Force Oscar'.
	Cramer
	Cramer J.				1964	Radio operator.
	Cranko				1965	'Force Oscar'.
	Crispi			Italy	1964	22nd Aug 1964.
	Crooks E. V.
	Crouse				1965	'Force Oscar'.
	Crumplin B. V.
	Cuccurullo S.
	Dancer				1964	22nd Aug 1964.
	Daniels	.	.	.	1964	Aug 1965. Radio Operator.
	Deiorius M.
	De-Jaeger Darby	.	.	.	1964	Sgt Maj.
	De-La-Michelle Chris	.	.	French	1964	14 Cdo.
	De Milo				1965	'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Demetriou			Cyprus	1964	Sept 1964.
	De-Mare A. W.				1965
	De-Perreira A. S.
	De-Laurier	.		.UK	1965	Feb 1965 Capt.
	De-Murville Couve	.1934	.	.France	1964	Aug 1965 Capt. / Doctor. Related to a French F/ Minister.
	Dieterniese
	Dillon				1965	'Force Oscar'.
	Douglas-Holdern Norrie	.	Lancashire	British	1965	Feb 1965 Sgt. 31st May 1965 killed near Bili.
	Dreyer M. P.
	Dreyer Tim	.	.	.	1965	5Cdo. Feb 1965 Sgt. 14th Oct 1965 wounded near Fizi.
	Driescher M. J.
	Duffy Peter		England	S.Africa	1965/67
	Duke Charles	.	.	USA	1964	Feb 1965 Sgt. Aug 1965 Lt.
	Du Plessis D. V.
	Du Plooy				1964	21st Aug 1964.
	Du Preez V.				1965
	Duvenhage D. E.
	Dyk Gary van			S. Africa	1966/67	5 Cdo.
	Dyson Barry	.	.	.	1965	Feb 1965. 2nd June 1965 killed near Likati.
	Eaves A.
	Ellis G. L.	.	.	.	1964	28th Sept 1965 killed in action at Baraka
	Ellis Francis				1965	Feb 1965 at Samarit.
	Elson Billy				1965	5Cdo.
	Engelbrecht G. J.
	Engelbrech W.
	Erasmus H. G. 'Johnny'				1965	Sept 1965 Sgt in 'Force Alpha' under Maj. Alastair Wicks. Oct 1965 2/Lt.
	Eriksen	.	.	Denmark ?.	1964	Mike Hoare’s personal runner
	Etheridge Eddie			English		53 Cdo. Killed taking Bunia
	Evans	.	.	..	1964	As a Medic
	Eybers H.
	Eysse van				1965	In 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Fabri	.	.	Italy.	1964	Sept 1964 in 57 Cdo under Capt. Ian Gordon.
	Famy H.
	Feltrin E.
	Ferreira A.
	Fielding H.				1965	Lt. Chief in 51 Cdo.
	Fletcher I. J.
	Fletcher M.				1965
	Flemming John	.	.	.	1965	Feb 1965 Capt. / Doctor.
	Florence			Australia	1964	Lt.
	Flynn P.
	Foley R. J.
	Foley J.P.
	Ford J.
	Forsbey				1964	Sept 1964 2/Lt. / Chief for 54 Cdo. 26th Dec 1964 Mike Hoare removes Forsbrey from the post of Commander of 54 Cdo.
	Franklin	.	.	.	.1967	Sgt. under Lt. Col John Peters.
	Gaffenka	.	.	German	1965	Feb 1965. Sgt. / Deputy in 52 Cdo.
	Garoflette G. J.				1965	27th Oct 1965 with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Gay Alexander	1940		Scotland	1964/65	57 Cdo.
	Gell Quinton				1965	In Force Oscar.
	Germani HansI	.	.	.	1964	Doctor. Served under Mike Hoare & Protin.
	Gillies A.
	Glyn Brian	.	.	.	1964	Killed only there for 7 days.
	Godfrey Ginger				1965	5 Cdo.
	Gordon Ian Graham	10.05. 33	Woking	UK	1964	2nd Sept 1964 Capt. / Chief of 57 Cdo. 26th Dec 1965 Maj. / Chief 5 Cdo when Mike Hoare went to South Africa. 16th Jan 1965 Maj. for 'the old 5 Cdo". When Lt. Col Hoare returned, Ian Gordon left the Congo.
	Gough				1965	Served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Goulay	.		Scotland	1965.	Feb 1965 Sgt and Mike Hoares bodyguard.
	Grant Donald Norman	22.04.24		Scotland	1964/65	Sgt. in 5 Cdo.
	Green I. S.				1964	Sept 1964.
	Greening M.
	Gribbon				1966	Sept 1965. Served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Griegs				1965	Served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Griffin "Lucky"	.	.	Kenyan	1965.	Feb 1965 Lt. / Chief of 51 Cdo.
	Grobbelaar Murry 'Mari' or Grobler Murry or Grobler Vol	.	.	S. Africa	1965	Feb 1965 served with 'Force John' under John Peters. Dec1965 served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen. Had a farm in Golu.
	Gurnell "Curly"	.	.	.	1964	Sept 1964 Sgt. Aug 1965 Lt.
	Hagen	.	.	German	1965	Feb 1965 Sgt. in 'Force John' under Capt. Peters
	Hattingh				1964/65	Sgt. in 52 Cdo.
	Hammond	.	.	.	1965	Sgt in 'Force John' under Capt. John Peters. Oct 1965 Lt. 14th Oct 1965 wounded near Fizi.
	Harper Bruce	.	.	.	1964	Sept 1964 served in 57 Cdo. under Capt. Ian Gordon. 24th Nov 1964 wounded. 30th Nov 1964 Died. Brother to Wally Harper.
	Harper Wally	.	.	.	1964	Sept 1964 served in 57 Cdo. under Capt. Ian Gordon. Brother to Bruce Harper.
	Harrison Tom	1916	.	Australia.	1964	Sept 1964 Sgt / Quartermaster. Aug 1965 Capt. / Commander of 5 Cdo.
	Harrop E. G.
	Havenga				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Hawkesworth G. D.				1965
	Hider Ralph				1964/65	Sgt.
	Hider Ralph	.	.	.	1964	Sgt.
	Hill J.
	Hilton V. G.
	Hoare Mike	17.03.19	Calcutta	India	1964	July 1964 Maj. / Commander. 26th Dec 1964 leaves the Congo. 16th Jan 1965 Lt.-Colonel Commander of 5 Cdo. 9th Dec 1965 leaves the Congo.
	Hobbins Barry	.1937	.	Canada.	1964/65	Sept 1964 served in 52 Cdo. under 2/Lt. Gary Wilson. Feb 1965 Lt. / Chief of 55 Cdo. Aug 1965 Capt.
	Hodges			S. Africa	1964	Sept 1964. Nov 1964 steals $65000.00 from a box in a private home in Stanleyville. Takes sick leave and leaves the Congo with all the money.
	Hoek J. Van-Der				1965	5 Cdo.
	Hogan Graham	.	.	.	1964	9th Nov 1964 Lt. / Commander of 51 Cdo. 17th Aug 1965 killed in ambush near Bendera.
	Holtshauseni C. W.
	Holy Joe				1964	Sept 1964.
	Horn G. P. J.
	Horn N. L.
	Horner J. E.
	Hotchkiss H. R.
	Houldsworth Bob	17.05.40	Manchester	British
	Howard Willis	.	.	.	1964	Sept 1964. Served in 53 Cdo. under Lt. Jack Maiden. 28th Oct 1964 killed and buried at Buteembo.
	Howells I. N.
	Howie A. B.
	Hoy	.	.	.	1964	Sgt. in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen. 16th Oct 1965 wounded in the thigh at Kasimia.
	Hunt Eaton de la				1965
	Hyden J. R.
	Jacqmain Maurice			Belgium	1964	Aug 1964. Wounded at Albertville.
	James J.				1965	Lt. in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Jenkins B. W.
	Johnstone Peter	.	.	British	1964	Feb 1965 Capt. Mar 1965 Maj. / O.C. Base. Aug 1965 Maj. / Commander of 2. Battalion of 5 Cdo.
	Joubert Gerry	.	.	.	1964	1964 Sgt. 1965 Lt. in 52 Cdo. 26th Mar 1965 Lt.t / Commander of 52 Cdo. 24th May killed between Niangara and Poko.
	Kaiser Otto				1966	2/Lt. under Col Lt. John Peters.
	Karavidas Georges			Greece	1964	Aug 1964. wounded in Albertville.
	Kennedy				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Kenny Donald 'Don'	1936	Yorkshire	England	1964/65	5 Cdo.
	Killen J. Georgie	.	.	.	1965	Served in 54 Cdo. 15th Mar 1965 killed at Nioka.
	Killian G. A.				1965
	King Sandeman 'Sandy'	.		UK	.1964	Dec 1964 Sgt. May 1965 killed at Niangara.
	Kinnear Dr					Doctor
	Kirk	.	.	.	1964	.
	Kirton Pat	.	.	S. Africa	1964	21st Aug 1964 Lt.. Sept 1964 Lt. in 55 Cdo. 8th Nov 1964 blinded by flying glass during a fight by the Elila Bridge, and left the Congo.
	Kleiman D. R. C.
	Kock de				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Köhler Berndard			E.Germany	1964	21st Aug 1964. Served under Siegfried Müller. 29th Aug 1964 killed in Albertville, during his first patrol.
	Kotterittsch Fritz	1935		German	1964	Served in 52 Cdo. Killed 19th Sept 1964.
	Koukoulis			Greece	1965	In Force Oscar.
	Krahl Georg	1930	Troppau	German	1964/65	1964 served in 52 Cdo.. 1965 Adjutant 5th Cdo
	Krumme Peter				1964	Served in 52 Cdo. Killed 1964.
	Kuyt A. J.
	Kyriakis			Greece	1965	Sept 1965. Drowned at Baraka.
	Labuschagne W. J.				1965	Sgt. Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen
	Lang				1965	Sgt. 23rd Mar 1965 Wounded at Golu.
	Lannigan Y. M.
	Larson Roy	.	.	Swedish	1964	Dec 1964 Lt. on the 26th Dec 1964 Lt. / Commander of 57 Cdo. Mar 1965 Capt. / Commander of 57 & 58 Cdo. 29th May 1965 became sick and left the Congo.
	Latinis Armand Francois			Belgium	1964	21st Aug 1964 Lt. 31st Aug Lt. / Commander of independent group in Kapona. 30th Sep 1964 Lieutenant in 61 Cdo.
	Latz John	.	.	British	1964	Captain
	Laubscher H. J.
	Lavocah D. H.
	Laubscher H. P.
	Laws C. L.
	Lee A.				1965	5 Cdo.
	Lee B. K.
	Le Brec R.
	Linde Duck van der		Durban	S.Africa		53 Cdo.
	Lindenburg				1965	Served in ' Force Oscar' under Capt. High van Oppen.
	Linton		Salisbury	Rhodesia	1964	Served in 53 Cdo. under lt. Jack Maiden. Dec 1964 was killed at Niopka.
	Locock K. C.
	Lombard J. M.
	Loots P. J.
	Lord Dougie	.	.	British	1964	.
	Lotz	.	.	.	1964	Served in 53 Cdo. 23rd Sep 1964 was wounded and paralysed for 14 months.
	Lourens I. E.
	Louw Ben	.	.	Rhodesian	1964/65	8th Sept 1964 Lt. of 52 Cdo.12th Oct 1964 Lt. / Head of 52 Cdo
	Lucien-Brun Maurice (alias Paul Leroy)	.	.	French	1965	Feb 1965. Lt. / Commander of 53 Cdo. 24th Mar 1965 wounded over the right eye. 31st May 1965 Lt. / Commander of 54 Cdo. / District Commissioner in Niangara. Dec 1965 refused to serve with John Peters. Left 5 Cdo and joined 6 Cdo.
	Lumsden Harry
	Macaulay				1965	2/Lt. Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Maclagan				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Madden	.	.	.	1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen. 28th Sep 1965 killed at Baraka
	Madela David				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Mahei			Italian	1964/65	Served in 52 Cdo
	Macey C. S.
	Macleod W.
	Maiden Jack	31.11.19		S. Africa	1964	Sept 1964 Lt. / Commander of 53 Cdo. 26th Dec 1964 Capt. / Deputy of 5 Cdo. Feb 1964 Capt. / Commander of 56 Cdo. March 1965 Capt. / District Commissioner in Dungu. 10th May 1965 Capt. / District Commissioner in Niangara. 1st June 1965 Capt. / Acting Commander in 5 Cdo. July 1965 Left the Congo.
	Mandy George John			S. Africa	1956	Feb 1965.
	Manning J.
	Manning K.
	Mansfield	.	.	.	1964	Sgt in 'Force John' under Commander John Peters. 20th Oct 1965 killed at Kawumbwe.
	Marais B. J.
	Masy Charles	1925	.	Belgium	1965	21st Aug 1965 Lt. / Supply Officer. 9th Sep 1964 Lt. in 52 Cdo. under Capt. Siegfried Muller. Feb 1965 Lt. in 6 Cdo.
	May D.
	May Michael				1964	21st Aug 1964. 6th Sept 1964 served in 51 Cdo. under 2/Lt. Gary Wilson. 13th Sept 1964 wounded at Lisala.
	McCabe Edward Brian	.	.	S. African	1965	Fought in 2 of 4 campaigns
	McCann L. P. K.
	McDermott M. J.
	McDermott P. S.
	McDonald				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	McGrath M.
	McIntosh John Stuart	1919	UK	S. African	1964	21st Aug 1964 Lt. / Staff Officer of 5 Cdo. Group Headquarters in Kamina. 11th Oct 1964 deserted during a stay in the capital Leopldville, via the British Embassy in the Congo, and returned to England.
	McKenzie H.
	McKenzie W.
	McManus A.
	McRory Mark	1938	Austin/Tex	USA	1965	Lt. / Chief 57 Cdo.
	Menzies	.	.	.	1964	27th Nov 1964 wounded at Stanleyville.
	Meizeli J.
	Merkle D. P. D.
	Meyer Jacobus Marnus 'Jake'			S.Africa	1964	Sgt. Mar 1965 2/Lt. Aug 1965 Lt. 1966 Committed Suicide in South Africa.
	Michell G. S.
	Mills Fin				1964	Sept 1964 Radio Operator.
	Mills Paul	.	.	.	1964/65	A member of Major Hoare's staff.
	Minsk	.	.	German	.	Served in 5th Commando
	Moggach Gerry			Scotish		Served in 53 Cdo.
	Moneta Tullio
	Moore S. L.	1939	Yugoslavia	S.Africa	1964/65	Cook
	Morgan			British	1964/65	Sergeant in 52 Cdo
	Morgenster Jethro Q. 'Jet'			USA	1964	Sept 1964 Sgt. Mar 1965 2/Lt. Aug 1965 Lt. 10th Oct 1965 killed at Fizi.
	Morse				1965	Served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Mulholland R.				1965
	Myers					Doctor
	Nash C.
	Nassy				1965	2/Lt. in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Naylor				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Neill P. O.
	Nel B. R.
	Nestler Walter	.	.	Germany	1964	21st Aug 1964. 29th Aug 1964 killed on Major Hoare’s 1st patrol at Albertville.
	Newman D. (Dallas?)				1965	Mar 1965 served in 52 Cdo.
	Nodes G. V.
	Nolte				1965	17 Aug 1965 killed at Bendera.
	North J.
	Northedge Clifford Alan	.	.	.	.	.
	Nuttal N. P. J.
	Ockers C. J.				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Oglethorpe Vic	.	.	.	.	.
	Oliver C. H.
	O’Malley Patrick	.	.	.	.	Recruiter For Tshombe and 5 Cdo.
	Ordway N. A.
	Oosthuizen S. J.
	Oosthuizen W. J.
	Osthuizen	.	.	.	1964	killed in an ambush at Kindu
	Otto					Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Owen R. C.
	Pahl I. J.
	Palas Sofoklis				1964	Aug 1964 wounded at Albertville.
	Parkinson		Lanc's	UK	1964	Sept 1964 Sgt in 51 Cdo. under Lt. Gary Wilson.
	Patience				1964	Served in 56 Cdo. under Lt. Jeremy Spencer.
	Patterson John G	.	.Durban	S. African	1965	Feb 1965 Sgt / Radioman in 53 Cdo under Lt. Maurice Lucien-Brun.
	Peasey W. F.
	Peckett C.J.
	Peddle	.	.	.	1964	Sgt.
	Peters John	1922	Leeds	British	1964	Sept. 1964 Sgt in 57 Commando under Capt. Ian Gordon. 20th Nov 1964 2/Lt. 26 Dec 1964 Capt. / Commander of 54 & 57 Cdo. 16th Mar 1965 Capt. / Commander of ”Force John”. 12th April 1965 Capt. / District Commissioner in Niangara. 6th May 1965 Commandant / Commander of ”Force John”. 10th May 1965 Forced to leave the Congo. August 1965 Commandant / Commander of ”Force John”. 28th Sept 1965 Wounded in the leg at Baraka. 13th Oct 1965 Wounded in the leg again. 1st Dec 1965 Maj. 9th Dec 1965 Maj. / Commander-in-Chief of 5 Cdo when Hoare leaves Congo. 1st Jan 1966 Lt. Colonel / Commander-in-Chief of 5 Cdo. 26th Mar 1967 Retires as head of 5 Cdo. Excerpt from Mike Hoares book 'Congo Mercenary'
	Petersen	.	.	Danish ?.	1965	Feb 1965 Medic. 26th Mar 1965 wounded in hand. Oct 1965 Lt. in 'Force Oscar'
	Pickford T. A.
	Pietersen W. J.
	Pike				1965	Served in 'Oscar Force'.
	Pocock E.
	Potgieter P.
	Powell A. R. T.
	Preez Du V.
	Pretroius			S.Africa	1965	5 Cdo.
	Priefeat Kurt	.	.	German	.	.
	Proetti Alfredo	.	.	.	1964	55 Cdo
	Pye Klim					53 Cdo.
	Rademeyer	.	.	.	1965	17th Aug 1965 was killed in action near Bendera
	Rall	.	.	.	1965	28th Sept 1965 killed in action at Baraka.
	Rampono Manny	.	.	S.African	1964	.
	Randall Steeve			S.Africa	1964
	Regazzi Mario	23.10.35	Sondrio	Italy		21st Aug 1964. 29th Aug 1964 wounded near Albertville.
	Richter R.				1965	Served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Richter-Nel Hendrik nickname Utar-Nel			German	1964	Served in 52 Cdo. 2nd Oct 1964 Killed at Bikili.
	Ries J. H.				1965	.
	Rivers D. J.
	Roberts	.	.	.	1964	Feb 1965 Sgt.
	Roberts A.				1964	Sept 1964. Jan 1965 killed in action near Niangara.
	Roets	.	.	Kenyan	1964	Sept 1964. Served in 57 Cdo. under Capt. Ian Gordon.
	Rohwein Peter			Rhodesia	1965/66	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Roose				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Rosie A. C.
	Rossi A.
	Ross-Johnson	.	.	.	1965	May 1966 Lieutenant at the time when Hugh van Oppen was killed by a mercenary. Many things point at Ross-Johnson as being the killer.
	Ross-Smith Peter	.	.	.	1964	1964 Sgt. 1965 Made up to Lieutenant.
	Rowe				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar under Hugh van Oppen.
	Rudolph				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar under Hugh van Oppen.
	Ryn H. Van				1965	5 Cdo.
	Sachs Jerry			Israel		53 Cdo.
	Saeys Joe			Belgium	1965	Lt. / Radiooperator.
	Sarsfield Patrick	1940		Ireland	1965	Aug 1965. 28th Sept 1965 wounded in action at Baraka. 14th Oct he died.
	Scheepers Jacobus			S. Africa	1965
	Schindler Wilfied		Fribourg	German		53 Cdo.
	Schmitt Fritz			German	1964/65	Served in 52 Cdo
	Schricker			S. African	1964/65	Lt. 52 Cdo
	Schoeman Boet			Kenya	1964	Served in 57 Cdo. under Capt. Ian Gordon.
	Schroeder Georg	1940	.	S. Africa	1964	Sept 1964 2/Lieutenant / deputy in 53 Commando under Capt. Maiden. 17th Sept 1964 Lieutenant in 53. Commando. 26 Dec 1964 Capt. / Commander of 53 Commando. February 1965 left the  Congo and returned home to Johannesburg. 17th Aug 1965 Capt. 1966 Major / Deputy in 5 Commando under Lt. Col. John Peters. 26th Mar 1967 Lt. Col.l / Commander-in-chief of 5 Commando. April 1967 President, Gen.l Mobutu ordered the 5 Cdo closed down. 24th April1967 saw Schroeder as the last man to leave the Congo.
	Schuller				1965	5 Cdo.
	Schurman				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Selvester				1965	5 Cdo.
	Sheriff				1966	Lt. / Recruitment Officer in Johannesburg.
	Sherriff				1964	Served in 57 Cdo. under Capt. Ian Gordon.
	Shoesmith Samuel		New York	USA	1965	Feb 1965 Sgt.
	Scott Sam				1965	5 Cdo.
	Simpson S.				1965	Aug 1965 Adj. in 'Oscar Force' under Capt. Hugh van oppen.
	Smallberger			S.Africa	1965	Feb 1965. Served in 'Force John' under Capt. John Peters. April 1965 killed in action at Niangara.
	Smallman R. Sammy	.	.	.	1964	1964 Sergeant. August 1965 Lt. in ”Force John” under Commandant John Peters. 28th Sept 1965 Commander  of ”Force John” when Commandant John Peters was wounded. 20 Nov 1965 wounded by mine blasting accident. 22nd Nov 1965 he died.
	Smit Kobus					53 Cdo.
	Smith				1965	Feb 1965 Sgt in 'Force John' under Capt. John Peters.
	Smith Ivan				1964	51 Cdo.
	Smith P. H.
	Snyman J. P.
	Spencer Jeremy			UK	1964	Sept 1964 Lt. / Commander of 56 Cdo.14th Nov 1964killed in action at the Elila Bridge. 1st Officer Killed in the 5 Cdo.
	Sprechenhauser			Germany	1964	21st Aug 1964.
	Springboks			S.Africa	1964	3rd Sept 1964. served in 51 Cdo under 2/Lt. Gary Wilson.
	Stephens R. D.
	Stevens Alan	.	.	.Rhodesia	1964	Sept 1964 2/ Lt. in 56 cdo. under Lt. Jeremy Spencer. 14th Nov 1964 Lt. / Commander of 56 Cdo. when Spencer was killed.
	Stevens A. H.				1965	Sgt. in 'Force John' under John Peters
	Steyn A.
	Steyn S.
	Stranack Barry				1965/66	Sgt. Maj. in 5 Cdo. Albertville, Uvira, Bukavu, Shabunda, Paulis, Niangara, Dungu, Duru, Yakuluku etc. Promoted to Lt. Served with Skinny Coleman, Jimmy James, Maj Johnson, Col Hugh van Oppen, Lt Dick Hammond, Lt Bill Manning
	Stolz W.
	StrijdomM	.	.	S. African	1964	.
	Stubbe Pieter	.	.	German	1964	.Served in 57 Cdo under Capt. Ian Gordon.
	Sutherby I. A.
	Sutherby J. A.
	Swanepoel A. D. W.				1965	Adjudant in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Swart G. J. M.
	Swart J. J. J.
	Swinton A.
	Stewart R. J.
	Sylvester	.	.	Greek	1964	.
	Tadford F. J..
	Thomas Norman				1965	5 Cdo.
	Thomas R. W.
	Thompson C.				1965	Served in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Thompson Tommy				1965	5 Cdo.
	Tolkemit W.
	Topp T. R.
	Tozzi Gino	.	.	Italian	1964/65	Sgt.
	Townsend D.				1964/65	Sergeant 52 Cdo
	Trevelyan	1944	.	.	1964	.
	'Ugly'	1935		Rhodesia	1964	Sept 1964. Served in 51 Cdo under 2/Lt. Gary Wilson.
	Uhlarz Hans			German	1964/65	52 Cdo
	Ulmer Allan				1965	Served in 52 Cdo. Killed in action at Niangara.
	Unger Derek		Durban	S. African		53 Cdo.
	Valentin F. J. J.
	Van de Hoek	.	.	Nederlands	1964	21st Aug 1964.
	Valot R.
	Van der Merwe P. J. W.
	Van der Merwe S. A. S.
	Van der Nielerk J. A.
	Van der Nielerk J. M. R.
	Van der Reijden J.
	Van der Walt Piet				1965-67	Was in Force John John (5 Commando) when capturing Baraka and later selected for Force Falcon under Captain Liebenberg. He was there from 1965 until April 1967 when the Mercenaries contracts were suspended and After receiving a golden hand shake from Mabutu Sese Seko he returned home. PHOTOS
	Van der Westhuizen	.	.	S. African	1964	5th Commando Cook killed at Tshopo Bridge
	Van Grinsven J. A.
	Van Oppen Hugh	26.08.31	.	British	1964	June 1965 Lt. / Commander of 52 Cdo. August 1965 Capt /Commander of 52 Cdo. 25th Sept 1965 Capt / Commander of ”Force Oscar”. 1st Dec 1965 Capt / Deputy of 5 Cdo. December 1965 Commandant / Deputy of 5 Cdo. April 1966 Maj / Deputy of 5 Cdo. 18th May 1965 killed by another mercenary (lieutenant Ross-Johnstone?).
	Van Rooyen E. J.
	Van Wyk J. J. G.
	Van Wyk J. L. N.
	Van Zijl F. J.
	Varga J. G.
	Venter				1965	Adj. in 'Force Oscar'.
	Verschuren P. B.
	Viljoen			S. Africa	1965
	Von Blottnitz	.	.	German	1964	.
	Von Blottnitz Gerd	1937	Berlin	German	1964/65	1964 Adj. 52 Cdo 1965 Adj. / paymaster 5 Cdo.
	Von Branis ( Brandis?)	.	.	.	1964	Feb 1965 Sgt in 56 Cdo. Killed in action.
	Von Lieres Hans	.	.	German	1964	Sept 1964 in 57 Cdo under Capt Ian Gordon. 24th Nov 1964 wounded in the leg and behind one ear near Stanleyville. November 1964 evacuated to hospital in Johannesburg. January 1965 working as 5 Cdo's recruiting office in Johannesburg. February 1965 Lt. / Commander of 52 Cdo. 25th Mar 1965 wounded in the underarm near Wawa. Evacuated to Johannesburg. August 1965 Lt. again. 27th September 1965 Lt. / Commander of 6 Patrol Boats. December 1965 killed in car-accident at Albertville
	Von Willkens Balt Joachim	.	Baltic	E. Germany.	1964	1964. 1965 served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Vorster J. B.
	Weeks			S,African	1965/66	Capt.
	Weldhagen J. C.
	Weideman J. X.
	Wepener J. F.			Rhodesia	1964	3rd Sept 1964 Sgt in 51 Cdo under Lt. Gary Wilson. 26th Dec 1964 Lt. / Commander of 54 Cdo. Feb 1965 killed in action.
	Wells Raebourn				1964	Aug 1964.
	Wettangel Heinz			Austian	1964	Served 52 Cdo and was Killed 1964.
	Whall				1965	Served with 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Whitcomb				1965	Adj. in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	White C. J.
	White Reginald	.	.	..	1964	Feb 1965 Driver in 52 Cdo under Lt. Hans von Lieres. Killed in action at Wara.
	Wicks Alistair	.	.	British	1964	4th Sept 1964 Commandant / Deputy in 5 Cdo. 16th Jan 1965 Maj. / Deputy in 5 Cdo. 12th Dec 1965 left the Congo and went to Rhodesia. Also a Military Advisorto Tshombe. April 1978 died after a short illness.
	Williams A.
	Williams "Taffy"	.	Wales	British	.1965	Adj. in 'Force Oscar' under Capt. Hugh van Oppen.
	Willaims L.H. Mike		.	American	.	USA forced him to leave
	Wilson Gary	.1940	.	UK	.	3rd Sept 1964 2/Lt. / Commander of 51 Cdo. 8th Nov 1964 wounded and lost a finger then left the Congo.
	Wright Paul					53 Cdo.
	Young	..	.	.	.1964	3rd Sept 1964. Served in 51 Cdo under 2/Lt. Gary Wilson. 15th Sept 1964 Killed near Lisala.
	Zeminides
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